Entomological Perspectives on Vector-Borne Diseases: Climate Change and Mosquito Dynamics in Pakistan

  • Irshad Haqqani
  • Rehmat Khan
Keywords: Entomology, vector-borne diseases, climate change, mosquitoes, dengue, malaria, Pakistan.

Abstract

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent a growing global health concern, and Pakistan is particularly vulnerable due to its climatic variability, rapid urbanization, and weak public health infrastructure. This paper investigates the entomological dimensions of mosquito-borne diseases in Pakistan, with emphasis on the interaction between climate change and vector ecology. Using an eco-epidemiological framework and the vectorial capacity model, the study integrates entomological survey data, climatic records, and disease incidence reports. Simulated results reveal that Aedes aegypti larval indices in Punjab and Sindh consistently exceed WHO epidemic thresholds, while adult densities peak during the monsoon season, correlating strongly with rainfall and temperatures between 28–30°C. Vectorial capacity analysis shows that transmission potential for dengue quadruples under optimal climatic conditions. Regression models further confirm that temperature and rainfall are significant predictors of larval abundance, while malaria transmission remains more closely associated with rainfall and irrigation practices, especially in Sindh and Balochistan. Spatial hotspot mapping highlights dengue concentration in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Karachi, whereas malaria persists in rural and irrigation-dense regions. These findings confirm that climate change is intensifying mosquito dynamics and disease transmission cycles in Pakistan. The study concludes that climate-resilient entomological surveillance, integrated vector management, and improved urban sanitation are critical to mitigating the public health risks of vector-borne diseases under changing climatic conditions.

Published
2025-09-21